Biomarker testing is a laboratory analysis of genes, proteins, hormones, or other molecules in your blood or tissues to help assess your health, identify risk factors, or guide personalized care decisions. To learn more, read ourguides on biomarker testing.
Explore tests













All biomarkers
All cholesterol except good cholesterol; includes LDL, VLDL, and other atherogenic particles that contribute to plaque buildup and cardiovascular disease.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Good cholesterol that helps remove bad cholesterol from arteries; higher levels are protective against heart disease.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A type of fat in blood; high levels increase risk of heart disease and pancreatitis.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Bad cholesterol that can build up in arteries; high levels increase risk of heart disease and stroke.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The Castelli Risk Index I reflects the balance between all circulating cholesterol and protective HDL; lower values indicate healthier lipid profiles and reduced cardiovascular risk.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The Castelli Risk Index II compares bad cholesterol to good cholesterol; provides targeted insight into the balance between atherogenic and protective lipoproteins.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The total amount of cholesterol in blood; high levels increase risk of heart disease.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A protein that carries bad cholesterol; elevated levels increase risk of cardiovascular disease.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A type of lipoprotein associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Integrates immune activation and lipid protection; elevated ratios are strongly associated with cardiovascular events, mortality, and systemic inflammation.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: neutrophils, HDL-C.
A powerful marker of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome; elevated ratios suggest metabolic dysfunction and increased cardiovascular risk.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: TG, HDL-C.
Calculated as the logarithm of triglycerides to HDL ratio; reflects lipid quality and predicts cardiovascular risk compared with individual lipid markers.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: TG, HDL-C.
Shows the ratio of potentially harmful cholesterol to protective HDL; higher values indicate increased risk of plaque formation and inflammation.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: Total-C, HDL-C.
Expresses the proportion of total cholesterol made up of LDL; higher ratios indicate greater cardiovascular risk as more cholesterol is in atherogenic particles.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: LCL-C, Total Cholesterol.
Reflects cholesterol content per LDL particle and serves as a marker of particle size; low ratios indicate small, dense, more atherogenic LDL particles.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: LDL-C, ApoB.
Compares uric acid levels to protective HDL cholesterol; elevated ratios may indicate increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: uric acid, HDL-C.
Provides insight into lipoprotein particle size and composition; low ratios suggest small, dense LDL particles that are more atherogenic.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: TG, ApoB.
Reflects cholesterol content per atherogenic particle; low ratios suggest cholesterol-poor, small dense particles linked to increased cardiovascular risk.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: Non-HDL-C, ApoB.
Breaks down cholesterol into particle types to assess heart health risk.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures blood vessel function and nitric oxide balance for vascular health.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures blood vessel function and nitric oxide balance for vascular health.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Estimates free thyroid hormone levels; helps assess thyroid function more accurately.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A molecule that acts like a messenger, telling your thyroid gland how much hormone to produce; abnormal levels can signal an underactive or overactive thyroid.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures thyroid hormone binding proteins; helps interpret thyroid function tests.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The main thyroid hormone; abnormal levels indicate overactive or underactive thyroid.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Antibodies that attack the thyroid; presence indicates autoimmune thyroid disease.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Antibodies against thyroid protein; may indicate autoimmune thyroid conditions.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The active form of thyroid hormone; more accurately reflects thyroid function than total T3.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Blood sugar level; elevated levels may indicate diabetes or prediabetes.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Average blood sugar over 2-3 months; used to diagnose and monitor diabetes.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Converts HbA1c into estimated average blood glucose over 2-3 months in mmol/L units; reflects long-term glycemic control and metabolic health.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Converts HbA1c into estimated average blood glucose over 2-3 months; provides an intuitive measure of long-term glucose control in familiar glucose meter units.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A waste product that can form crystals in joints; high levels may cause gout or kidney stones.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A hormone that regulates blood sugar; elevated levels may indicate insulin resistance or diabetes risk.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Adjusts total calcium based on albumin levels to estimate biologically active calcium; accounts for protein binding effects on calcium measurement.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: total calcium, albumin.
Estimates insulin resistance using fasting triglycerides and glucose; higher values suggest metabolic dysfunction and increased diabetes risk.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: TG, glucose.
Regulates hunger and body weight balance.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Assesses how well your body processes insulin and glucose.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A hormone that improves insulin sensitivity and fat metabolism.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Shows average blood sugar control over the past few weeks.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen; low levels indicate anemia while high levels may suggest dehydration or lung conditions.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell; useful for diagnosing different types of anemia.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells; helps assess for anemia, dehydration, or blood disorders.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Cells that carry oxygen throughout your body; low levels may indicate anemia while high levels may suggest dehydration or lung disease.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The average size of red blood cells; helps classify different types of anemia and nutritional deficiencies.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells; helps identify specific types of anemia and blood disorders.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Blood cells responsible for clotting; low levels increase bleeding risk while high levels may increase clotting risk.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures variation in red blood cell size; elevated levels may indicate nutritional deficiencies or blood disorders.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The average size of platelets; helps assess platelet function and bone marrow activity.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The total amount of proteins in blood; abnormal levels may indicate liver disease, kidney disease, or nutritional problems.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The storage form of vitamin D; low levels may cause bone problems, muscle weakness, and immune dysfunction.
Learn moreMethod: Usually performed by FDA-cleared immunoassay in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. If an LC/MS method is used at the performing site, the assay is a laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA and not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results support clinician interpretation and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Compares red cell size variation to average cell size; helps characterize different types of anemia and red blood cell disorders.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: RDW, MCV.
Boosts immunity, collagen production, and recovery from stress or exercise.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Antioxidant that protects cells and supports thyroid and immune health.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Supports muscle recovery, energy production, and relaxation.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Important for bone strength and normal blood clotting.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Protects cells and supports heart, skin, and reproductive health.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Supports energy, nerve function, and red blood cell health.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
An enzyme found in liver and bones; elevated levels may indicate liver disease or bone disorders.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Compares albumin to globulin proteins; helps assess liver function, protein metabolism, and immune status.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: albumin, globulin.
The main protein in blood that maintains fluid balance; low levels may indicate liver disease, kidney disease, or malnutrition.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A liver enzyme; elevated levels indicate liver damage or disease.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A waste product from red blood cell breakdown; elevated levels may indicate liver disease or blood disorders.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Blood proteins including antibodies; abnormal levels may indicate immune disorders, liver disease, or infections.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis.
An enzyme found in liver and muscles; elevated levels may indicate liver damage or muscle injury.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A liver enzyme sensitive to alcohol and bile duct problems; elevated levels may indicate liver disease.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The processed form of bilirubin; elevated levels may indicate liver disease or bile duct problems.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The unprocessed form of bilirubin; elevated levels may indicate blood disorders or liver problems.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Calculated: total - direct.
Measures the proportion of total cholesterol carried by potentially harmful lipoproteins; higher ratios indicate increased atherosclerotic risk.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: Non-HDL-C, Total-C.
Reflects the balance between oxidative stress and lipid protection; elevated ratios suggest liver stress and increased cardiometabolic risk.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Compares unconjugated to conjugated bilirubin; helps differentiate between hemolytic disorders and liver dysfunction.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: indirect bilirubin, direct bilirubin.
Assesses the relationship between bilirubin levels and albumin; useful for evaluating liver synthetic function and bilirubin metabolism.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: total bilirubin, albumin.
Reflects the relationship between urea and creatinine waste products; helps distinguish between dehydration, blood loss, kidney dysfunction, or liver issues.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Essential mineral for bones, muscles, and nerves; abnormal levels may indicate bone disease, kidney problems, or hormonal disorders.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
An electrolyte essential for heart and muscle function; abnormal levels can cause dangerous heart rhythm problems.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures bicarbonate levels in blood; helps assess acid-base balance and kidney function.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A waste product filtered by kidneys; elevated levels indicate decreased kidney function.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
An electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance; abnormal levels may indicate kidney problems or dehydration.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
An electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance; abnormal levels may indicate kidney problems or dehydration.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Estimates how well kidneys filter waste; lower values indicate decreased kidney function.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A waste product filtered by kidneys; elevated levels indicate decreased kidney function.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Reflects hydration status, urine concentration, and overall fluid balance.
Learn moreMethod: Qualitative visual or automated assessment performed as part of a CLIA-certified urinalysis. Color is an observational, non-quantitative parameter and is not independently FDA-cleared. Reported to aid clinician-directed evaluation and is not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Shows urine clarity and color, reflecting hydration and internal balance.
Learn moreMethod: Qualitative visual or automated assessment performed as part of a CLIA-certified urinalysis. Appearance (clarity/turbidity) is an observational, non-quantitative parameter and is not independently FDA-cleared. Reported to aid clinician-directed evaluation and is not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Reflects urine concentration, hydration status, and kidney function.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures how acidic or alkaline urine is, reflecting acid-base balance.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures glucose in urine, reflecting recent blood sugar levels.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures bilirubin pigment in urine, reflecting liver or bile flow.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Shows ketones from fat-burning as an alternative fuel.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures tiny amounts of blood in urine.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures protein leakage in urine, reflecting kidney filtering health.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures urine nitrites linked to certain urinary bacteria.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures white blood cell enzyme levels in urine.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures white blood cells in urine, reflecting urinary tract inflammation.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures red blood cells in urine, reflecting urinary tract lining integrity.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures shed urinary tract cells, reflecting urinary health or contamination.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures bacteria present in urine, linked to urinary tract infection.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A marker of inflammation; elevated levels increase risk of heart disease and other inflammatory conditions.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures how quickly red blood cells settle; elevated levels indicate inflammation or infection.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Composite marker using platelets, neutrophils, and lymphocytes; reflects immune imbalance and systemic inflammation linked to cardiovascular risk.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: CBC differentials.
Compares iron storage protein to albumin; helps assess nutritional status and inflammatory burden in complex clinical scenarios.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: ferritin, albumin.
Balances immune activation against lipid protection; elevated ratios indicate increased inflammation and reduced cardiovascular protection.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: monocytes, HDL-C.
Compares inflammatory marker to nutritional protein; elevated ratios indicate systemic inflammation with potential nutritional compromise.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: CRP, albumin.
Reflects inflammatory and thrombotic status; elevated ratios may indicate increased cardiovascular risk and systemic inflammation.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: platelets, lymphocytes.
Composite inflammatory marker using neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes; indicates systemic inflammatory burden.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes.
A hormone that promotes growth and tissue repair; levels reflect growth hormone activity.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Feeling run down, foggy, or just off? Could a comprehensive look at your health help you understand why? Your Health Score combines key biomarkers into a single number to show how your body is functioning. It simplifies complex data into a clear status update. Tracking this score helps you understand the root of your fatigue without the guesswork. You gain the insight needed to improve your vitality and feel your best.
Learn moreEssential vitamin for nerve function and red blood cell formation; deficiency causes anemia and neurological problems.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
An amino acid that can damage blood vessels; elevated levels increase risk of heart disease and stroke.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A B vitamin essential for DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation; deficiency causes anemia and birth defects.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Shows long-term folate stores for DNA and cellular health.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Supports metabolism, energy, and neurotransmitter production.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Detects vitamin B12 deficiency at the cellular level.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Supports energy, nerve function, and red blood cell health.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A protein that stores iron; low levels indicate iron deficiency while high levels may indicate iron overload or inflammation.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The stress hormone; abnormal levels may indicate adrenal disorders or chronic stress.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures the blood's capacity to bind iron; helps diagnose iron deficiency or overload.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The percentage of iron-binding sites that are occupied; helps assess iron status and storage.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Essential mineral for oxygen transport; low levels cause anemia while high levels may indicate iron overload.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Struggling with low energy or joint pain, and wondering if checking your BMI could help? BMI uses your height and weight to indicate if you are in a healthy range. It gives you a clear starting point. Measuring this helps reveal if weight is contributing to your discomfort. You can then take steps to feel lighter and more energetic.
Learn moreImmune system cells that help fight infections and diseases; abnormal levels may indicate infection, immune disorders, or blood cancers.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The actual number of eosinophils in your blood; useful for diagnosing allergic conditions and parasitic infections.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The actual number of lymphocytes in your blood; important for evaluating immune system health.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
White blood cells that fight viral infections and produce antibodies; levels help assess immune system function.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The actual number of basophils in your blood; helps evaluate allergic reactions and certain blood conditions.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The actual number of monocytes in your blood; helps assess immune response and inflammatory conditions.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
White blood cells that fight bacterial infections; elevated levels often indicate bacterial infection or inflammation.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
White blood cells that fight infections and remove dead cells; elevated levels may indicate chronic infection or inflammation.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
White blood cells that fight parasites and are involved in allergic reactions; elevated levels may indicate allergies or parasitic infections.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
White blood cells involved in allergic reactions and inflammation; elevated levels may indicate allergic conditions or blood disorders.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The actual number of neutrophils in your blood; helps assess immune function and infection risk.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Reflects immune balance and inflammatory status; lower ratios may indicate chronic inflammation or immune dysfunction.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: lymphocytes, monocytes.
Compares platelet count to total white blood cells; provides insight into hematologic balance and potential inflammatory states.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: platelets, WBC.
A marker of systemic inflammation and immune stress; elevated ratios are associated with increased cardiovascular risk and mortality.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: neutrophils, lymphocytes.
Reflects balance between innate and adaptive immunity; elevated ratios may indicate chronic inflammatory conditions.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: monocytes, lymphocytes.
Advanced inflammatory marker combining multiple immune cell types; reflects complex immune-inflammatory interactions.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from FDA-cleared laboratory results. This ratio/index is not an FDA-cleared test. It aids clinician-directed risk assessment and monitoring and is not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets.
Detects antibodies highly specific to lupus; rising levels often indicate increased disease activity, especially in the kidneys.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Helps identify rheumatoid arthritis or chronic joint inflammation.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Identifies antibodies strongly tied to rheumatoid arthritis risk and progression.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Screens for autoimmune activity often associated with lupus and related connective tissue diseases.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Screens for antibodies that indicate celiac-related autoimmunity and gluten-triggered immune activity.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The primary male hormone; affects muscle mass, bone density, mood, and sexual function.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A protein that binds sex hormones; affects the amount of active hormones available to tissues.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Testosterone that is available for use by tissues; includes free and loosely bound testosterone.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A hormone precursor that declines with age; low levels may affect energy, mood, and immune function.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The active form of testosterone not bound to proteins; more accurately reflects hormone activity.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A hormone that regulates reproductive function; levels help assess fertility and menopause status.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
The unbound form of PSA; helps distinguish between benign and malignant prostate conditions.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A hormone important for menstrual cycle and pregnancy; levels help assess reproductive health.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A protein produced by the prostate; elevated levels may indicate prostate problems including cancer.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A hormone that triggers ovulation and testosterone production; helps assess reproductive health.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A hormone that stimulates milk production; abnormal levels may affect fertility and sexual function.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Estimates biologically active testosterone by comparing total testosterone to SHBG; useful for assessing androgen status in both men and women.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from laboratory results. If any input is measured by a laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA, that input is not cleared or approved by the FDA. This ratio/index itself is not FDA-cleared. Results support clinician interpretation and are not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: total testosterone, SHBG.
Reflects hormonal balance between androgens and estrogens; imbalances are linked to cardiovascular risk, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction.
Learn moreMethod: Derived from laboratory results. If any input is measured by a laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA, that input is not cleared or approved by the FDA. This ratio/index itself is not FDA-cleared. Results support clinician interpretation and are not a stand-alone diagnosis. Inputs: testosterone, estradiol.
Evaluates adrenal and ovarian hormone balance affecting cycles and fertility.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures estrogen levels to assess ovarian function and hormone balance.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Screens for mercury exposure that may affect hormones and fertility.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures fasting insulin to assess blood sugar balance and metabolic health.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Detects thyroid autoimmunity that can impact metabolism and fertility.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Checks blood sugar levels related to energy and metabolic balance.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Key marker of ovarian reserve and remaining egg count.
Learn moreMethod: FDA-cleared clinical laboratory assay performed in CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited laboratories. Used to aid clinician-directed evaluation and monitoring. Not a stand-alone diagnosis.
Measures estrogen levels to assess ovarian function and hormone balance.
Learn moreMethod: Laboratory-developed test (LDT) validated under CLIA; not cleared or approved by the FDA. Results are interpreted by clinicians in context and are not a stand-alone diagnosis.
A derived biomarker is a value that is calculated from other directly measured biomarkers rather than being measured directly in the lab.
The following biomarkers Progesterone, Vitamin K, ADMA/SDMA, IGF-1, Thyroid Peroxidase, Lipoprotein Fractionation, NMR and Thyroglobulin Antibody are not currently offered for Superpower members residing in New York/New Jersey. Some methods are laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) validated under CLIA but not cleared or approved by the U.S. FDA. Public claims mirror the performing laboratory’s intended-use language. Clinicians interpret results in context and may order confirmatory testing where appropriate.
Lab testing you can trust
Medical-grade labs trusted by leading clinicians. No unreliable blood draws.


What is biomarker testing?
At Superpower, biomarker testing is the foundation of everything we do. It’s not about guesswork, quick fixes, or “one-size-fits-all” health advice. It’s about data.
Biomarker testing measures the actual molecules in your blood, saliva, or other samples that reflect how your body is working at the deepest level.
These results are then mapped against optimal ranges so you can see where you stand — today, not years later when problems surface.
Why testing matters
- Detect early signs of conditions including cardiovascular disease, metabolic dysfunction, and hormonal imbalance to increase the chance for intervention and potential outcomes.
- Understand your health baseline to improve your energy, metabolism, and longevity, particularly by tracking related biomarkers over time.
- Monitor health changes in response to new diet, exercise, or supplement regimens, helping to objectively measure the impact of lifestyle adjustments.
- Personalize your health decisions, including assessing your risks and protocol options, rather than relying on average population data or standard guidelines alone.

FAQs
Biomarker testing can identify hidden health risks, nutritional deficiencies, hormone levels, or early signs of disease — allowing for targeted lifestyle or medical interventions before symptoms develop. To learn more, read our guides on specificillnesses and diseasesthat biomarker testing can assist with.
People interested in optimizing health, longevity, or athletic performance, men and women monitoring hormone status (including testosterone), or those with specific health concerns (like heart, thyroid, or metabolic health) all benefit from biomarker testing.
Our biomarker tests at Superpower require a simple blood draw — either at home or in a clinic. Some other tests use additional samples like urine or saliva, depending on what is being measured.
Yes, certain biomarkers are linked to risks for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hormone imbalances, metabolic syndrome, and even some cancers, enabling early and personalized prevention strategies.
For most people, testing every 6–12 months is recommended for ongoing monitoring and tracking changes in health or the effectiveness of interventions, though frequency can vary based on goals and medical advice.













.avif)


