All cholesterol except good cholesterol; includes LDL, VLDL, and other atherogenic particles that contribute to plaque buildup and cardiovascular disease.

Good cholesterol that helps remove bad cholesterol from arteries; higher levels are protective against heart disease.

A type of fat in blood; high levels increase risk of heart disease and pancreatitis.

Bad cholesterol that can build up in arteries; high levels increase risk of heart disease and stroke.

The Castelli Risk Index I reflects the balance between all circulating cholesterol and protective HDL; lower values indicate healthier lipid profiles and reduced cardiovascular risk.

The Castelli Risk Index II compares bad cholesterol to good cholesterol; provides targeted insight into the balance between atherogenic and protective lipoproteins.

The total amount of cholesterol in blood; high levels increase risk of heart disease.

A protein that carries bad cholesterol; elevated levels increase risk of cardiovascular disease.

A type of lipoprotein associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.

The total number of LDL particles in circulation; a stronger predictor of cardiovascular disease than LDL cholesterol, as each particle can contribute to arterial plaque formation.

Integrates immune activation and lipid protection; elevated ratios are strongly associated with cardiovascular events, mortality, and systemic inflammation.

A powerful marker of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome; elevated ratios suggest metabolic dysfunction and increased cardiovascular risk.

Calculated as the logarithm of triglycerides to HDL ratio; reflects lipid quality and predicts cardiovascular risk better than individual lipid markers.

The concentration of small, dense LDL particles that are highly atherogenic; these particles penetrate arterial walls more easily and are strongly linked to cardiovascular risk.

Measures the proportion of total cholesterol carried by potentially harmful lipoproteins; higher ratios indicate increased atherosclerotic risk.

The average diameter of HDL particles; larger HDL particles are generally more effective at cholesterol removal and cardiovascular protection than smaller particles.

The concentration of large, mature HDL particles that are most effective at removing cholesterol from arterial walls and providing anti-inflammatory protection.

The average diameter of LDL particles; larger particles are less atherogenic than smaller, denser particles that more readily penetrate arterial walls and promote plaque formation.

The concentration of large, triglyceride-rich VLDL particles; elevated levels indicate poor lipid metabolism and are associated with insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction.

Shows the ratio of potentially harmful cholesterol to protective HDL; higher values indicate increased risk of plaque formation and inflammation.

Expresses the proportion of total cholesterol made up of LDL; higher ratios indicate greater cardiovascular risk as more cholesterol is in atherogenic particles.

The total number of HDL particles that perform reverse cholesterol transport; a stronger predictor of cardiovascular protection than HDL cholesterol, reflecting functional capacity.

The average diameter of VLDL particles; larger particles indicate triglyceride overload and inefficient fat metabolism, often linked to insulin resistance and liver dysfunction.

Reflects cholesterol content per LDL particle and serves as a marker of particle size; low ratios indicate small, dense, more atherogenic LDL particles.

Compares uric acid levels to protective HDL cholesterol; elevated ratios may indicate increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk.

Provides insight into lipoprotein particle size and composition; low ratios suggest small, dense LDL particles that are more atherogenic.

Reflects cholesterol content per atherogenic particle; low ratios suggest cholesterol-poor, small dense particles linked to increased cardiovascular risk.

An enzyme found in liver and bones; elevated levels may indicate liver disease or bone disorders.

Compares albumin to globulin proteins; helps assess liver function, protein metabolism, and immune status.

The main protein in blood that maintains fluid balance; low levels may indicate liver disease, kidney disease, or malnutrition.

A liver enzyme; elevated levels indicate liver damage or disease.

A waste product from red blood cell breakdown; elevated levels may indicate liver disease or blood disorders.

Blood proteins including antibodies; abnormal levels may indicate immune disorders, liver disease, or infections.

An enzyme found in liver and muscles; elevated levels may indicate liver damage or muscle injury.

A liver enzyme sensitive to alcohol and bile duct problems; elevated levels may indicate liver disease.

The processed form of bilirubin; elevated levels may indicate liver disease or bile duct problems.

The unprocessed form of bilirubin; elevated levels may indicate blood disorders or liver problems.

Reflects the balance between oxidative stress and lipid protection; elevated ratios suggest liver stress and increased cardiometabolic risk.

Compares unconjugated to conjugated bilirubin; helps differentiate between hemolytic disorders and liver dysfunction.

Assesses the relationship between bilirubin levels and albumin; useful for evaluating liver synthetic function and bilirubin metabolism.

Reflects the relationship between urea and creatinine waste products; helps distinguish between dehydration, blood loss, kidney dysfunction, or liver issues.

Essential mineral for bones, muscles, and nerves; abnormal levels may indicate bone disease, kidney problems, or hormonal disorders.

An electrolyte essential for heart and muscle function; abnormal levels can cause dangerous heart rhythm problems.

Measures bicarbonate levels in blood; helps assess acid-base balance and kidney function.

A waste product filtered by kidneys; elevated levels indicate decreased kidney function.

An electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance; abnormal levels may indicate kidney problems or dehydration.

An electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance; abnormal levels may indicate kidney problems or dehydration.

Estimates how well kidneys filter waste; lower values indicate decreased kidney function.

A waste product filtered by kidneys; elevated levels indicate decreased kidney function.

Blood sugar level; elevated levels may indicate diabetes or prediabetes.

Average blood sugar over 2-3 months; used to diagnose and monitor diabetes.

Converts HbA1c into estimated average blood glucose over 2-3 months in mmol/L units; reflects long-term glycemic control and metabolic health.

Converts HbA1c into estimated average blood glucose over 2-3 months; provides an intuitive measure of long-term glucose control in familiar glucose meter units.

A waste product that can form crystals in joints; high levels may cause gout or kidney stones.

A hormone that regulates blood sugar; elevated levels may indicate insulin resistance or diabetes risk.

Adjusts total calcium based on albumin levels to estimate biologically active calcium; accounts for protein binding effects on calcium measurement.

Estimates insulin resistance using fasting triglycerides and glucose; higher values suggest metabolic dysfunction and increased diabetes risk.

The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen; low levels indicate anemia while high levels may suggest dehydration or lung conditions.

The average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell; useful for diagnosing different types of anemia.

The percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells; helps assess for anemia, dehydration, or blood disorders.

Cells that carry oxygen throughout your body; low levels may indicate anemia while high levels may suggest dehydration or lung disease.

The average size of red blood cells; helps classify different types of anemia and nutritional deficiencies.

The concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells; helps identify specific types of anemia and blood disorders.

Blood cells responsible for clotting; low levels increase bleeding risk while high levels may increase clotting risk.

Measures variation in red blood cell size; elevated levels may indicate nutritional deficiencies or blood disorders.

The average size of platelets; helps assess platelet function and bone marrow activity.

The total amount of proteins in blood; abnormal levels may indicate liver disease, kidney disease, or nutritional problems.

The storage form of vitamin D; low levels may cause bone problems, muscle weakness, and immune dysfunction.

Compares red cell size variation to average cell size; helps characterize different types of anemia and red blood cell disorders.

A marker of inflammation; elevated levels increase risk of heart disease and other inflammatory conditions.

Measures how quickly red blood cells settle; elevated levels indicate inflammation or infection.

Composite marker using platelets, neutrophils, and lymphocytes; reflects immune imbalance and systemic inflammation linked to cardiovascular risk.

Compares iron storage protein to albumin; helps assess nutritional status and inflammatory burden in complex clinical scenarios.

Balances immune activation against lipid protection; elevated ratios indicate increased inflammation and reduced cardiovascular protection.

Compares inflammatory marker to nutritional protein; elevated ratios indicate systemic inflammation with potential nutritional compromise.

Reflects inflammatory and thrombotic status; elevated ratios may indicate increased cardiovascular risk and systemic inflammation.

Composite inflammatory marker using neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes; indicates systemic inflammatory burden.

Estimates free thyroid hormone levels; helps assess thyroid function more accurately.

A molecule that acts like a messenger, telling your thyroid gland how much hormone to produce; abnormal levels can signal an underactive or overactive thyroid.

Measures thyroid hormone binding proteins; helps interpret thyroid function tests.

The main thyroid hormone; abnormal levels indicate overactive or underactive thyroid.

Antibodies that attack the thyroid; presence indicates autoimmune thyroid disease.

Antibodies against thyroid protein; may indicate autoimmune thyroid conditions.

The active form of thyroid hormone; more accurately reflects thyroid function than total T3.

A protein that stores iron; low levels indicate iron deficiency while high levels may indicate iron overload or inflammation.

The stress hormone; abnormal levels may indicate adrenal disorders or chronic stress.

Measures the blood's capacity to bind iron; helps diagnose iron deficiency or overload.

The percentage of iron-binding sites that are occupied; helps assess iron status and storage.

Essential mineral for oxygen transport; low levels cause anemia while high levels may indicate iron overload.

Immune system cells that help fight infections and diseases; abnormal levels may indicate infection, immune disorders, or blood cancers.

The actual number of eosinophils in your blood; useful for diagnosing allergic conditions and parasitic infections.

The actual number of lymphocytes in your blood; important for evaluating immune system health.

White blood cells that fight viral infections and produce antibodies; levels help assess immune system function.

The actual number of basophils in your blood; helps evaluate allergic reactions and certain blood conditions.

The actual number of monocytes in your blood; helps assess immune response and inflammatory conditions.

White blood cells that fight bacterial infections; elevated levels often indicate bacterial infection or inflammation.

White blood cells that fight infections and remove dead cells; elevated levels may indicate chronic infection or inflammation.

White blood cells that fight parasites and are involved in allergic reactions; elevated levels may indicate allergies or parasitic infections.

White blood cells involved in allergic reactions and inflammation; elevated levels may indicate allergic conditions or blood disorders.

The actual number of neutrophils in your blood; helps assess immune function and infection risk.

Reflects immune balance and inflammatory status; lower ratios may indicate chronic inflammation or immune dysfunction.

Compares platelet count to total white blood cells; provides insight into hematologic balance and potential inflammatory states.

A marker of systemic inflammation and immune stress; elevated ratios are associated with increased cardiovascular risk and mortality.

Reflects balance between innate and adaptive immunity; elevated ratios may indicate chronic inflammatory conditions.

Advanced inflammatory marker combining multiple immune cell types; reflects complex immune-inflammatory interactions.

A hormone that promotes growth and tissue repair; levels reflect growth hormone activity.

Essential vitamin for nerve function and red blood cell formation; deficiency causes anemia and neurological problems.

An amino acid that can damage blood vessels; elevated levels increase risk of heart disease and stroke.

A B vitamin essential for DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation; deficiency causes anemia and birth defects.