Mercury is a naturally occurring heavy metal with no beneficial role in human biology.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the most widely used herbicides, applied in agriculture and residential lawn treatments.

3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) is the primary urinary metabolite of pyrethroid insecticides, a large family of pesticides found in over 1,500 commercial products for agricultural, residential, and veterinary use.

Aflatoxin M1 is formed in the body after ingesting aflatoxin B1, a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus species that commonly contaminate corn, peanuts, grains, and spices.

Aluminum is a common environmental metal with no biological role in humans.

Antimony is a metalloid with no biological role in humans.

Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid found in soil, rock, and groundwater with no biological role in humans.

Atrazine mercapturate is the primary urinary metabolite of atrazine, one of the most widely used herbicides in the US.

Barium is an alkaline earth metal found in soil, rock, and groundwater with no biological role in humans.

Beryllium is a lightweight metal found in certain rocks and minerals with no biological role in humans.

Bismuth is a heavy metal considered relatively low in toxicity compared to other metals.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a building block of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins found in food containers, water bottles, canned food linings, thermal receipts, and dental sealants.

Bisphenol S (BPS) is increasingly used as a BPA replacement in plastics, thermal paper, and consumer products marketed as "BPA-free.

Butyl-paraben is a synthetic preservative widely used in cosmetics, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and some foods.

Cadmium is a persistent heavy metal with no biological role in humans.

Cesium is an alkali metal found in soil and mineral deposits with no biological role in humans.

Chaetoglobosin A is a mold toxin produced by Chaetomium globosum, commonly found on damp drywall, wallpaper, plywood, and ceiling tiles in water-damaged buildings.

Diethylphosphate (DEP) is a metabolite of several organophosphate pesticides widely used in agriculture and residential pest control.

Dihydrocitrinone is the primary urinary metabolite of the mycotoxin citrinin, produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus molds.

Diphenyl phosphate (DPP) is the primary urinary metabolite of triphenyl phosphate, an organophosphate flame retardant used in plastics, electronics, nail polish, and furniture foam.

Enniatin B is a fat-soluble fungal toxin produced by Fusarium species that colonize moist cereals and plant foods including wheat, oats, maize, apples, coffee, and cocoa.

Ethyl-paraben is a synthetic preservative widely used in cosmetics, toiletries, pharmaceuticals, and certain foods since the 1920s.

Gadolinium is a rare earth metal with no biological role in humans.

Gliotoxin is a highly bioactive mycotoxin produced primarily by Aspergillus fumigatus, commonly found in water-damaged buildings behind wallpaper, beneath flooring, and inside HVAC systems.

Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world, marketed as the active ingredient in Roundup.

2-Hydroxyethyl mercapturic acid (HEMA) is the primary urinary metabolite of ethylene oxide, a highly reactive industrial gas classified as a known human carcinogen.

Lead is one of the most persistent and biologically disruptive environmental toxins with no beneficial role in humans.

Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) is an oxidative metabolite of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the most widely produced plasticizers globally.

Mercury is one of the most biologically reactive metals humans commonly encounter.

Methylhippuric acids are the primary urinary metabolites of xylene, an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent used in printing, rubber, leather, and paint manufacturing.

Methyl-paraben is the most commonly used paraben preservative due to its effectiveness and low cost.

Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is the primary active metabolite of DEHP, formed when this widespread plasticizer is absorbed and hydrolyzed in the body.

Monobutyl phthalate (MBP) is the primary metabolite of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), commonly found in PVC products, cosmetics, nail polish, and printing inks.

Monoethyl phthalate (MEP) is the primary metabolite of diethyl phthalate, a plasticizer and solvent used in personal care products, fragrances, and cosmetics.

Monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) is the primary metabolite of diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), a plasticizer used in paints, printing inks, nail polish, and cosmetics.

Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressive fungal metabolite produced by Penicillium species found in water-damaged buildings and certain refrigerated or poorly stored foods.

N-acetyl (2-cyanoethyl) cysteine (NACE) is the major urinary metabolite of acrylonitrile, a possible human carcinogen used in production of acrylic fibers, resins, and rubber.

N-acetyl(3,4-dihydroxybutyl) cysteine (NADB) is a major metabolite of 1,3-butadiene, a known human carcinogen found in automobile exhaust, cigarette smoke, forest fires, and synthetic rubber production.

N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (NAE) is a urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride and other chlorinated solvents.

N-acetyl phenyl cysteine (NAP), also known as S-phenylmercapturic acid, is the most specific urinary biomarker of benzene exposure.

N-acetyl (propyl) cysteine (NAPR) is a metabolite of 1-bromopropane, an organic solvent used for metal cleaning, foam gluing, and dry cleaning.

Nickel is a naturally occurring metal with no essential biological role in humans.

Ochratoxin A is a heat-stable mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium molds that colonize stored cereals, coffee beans, dried fruit, wine grapes, spices, and cocoa.

Oxybenzone (benzophenone-3) is an ultraviolet filter found in 97% of Americans tested.

Palladium is a platinum-group metal with no biological role in humans.

Perchlorate is a chemical that interferes with thyroid function by blocking iodide uptake into the thyroid gland.

Phenylglyoxylic acid (PGO) is a urinary metabolite of styrene and ethylbenzene, volatile organic compounds found in plastics, resins, insulation materials, and tobacco smoke.

Platinum is a noble metal found in trace amounts in the earth's crust with no biological role in humans.

Propyl-paraben is a synthetic preservative used in cosmetics, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and packaged foods since the 1920s.

Roridin E is a powerful mold toxin produced by fungi that grow on water-damaged building materials and on grains like corn, wheat, rye, and barley.

Sterigmatocystin is a mold-derived toxin closely related to aflatoxin B1, produced by Aspergillus versicolor and other fungi that thrive in water-damaged buildings and on poorly stored foods.

Tellurium is a metalloid with properties similar to sulfur and selenium but no biological role in humans.

Thallium is a highly toxic heavy metal historically known for use in rodenticides.

Thorium is a naturally occurring radioactive metal found in soil, rock, and mineral sands with no biological role in humans.

Tin is a naturally occurring metal with no essential biological role in humans.

Tungsten is a transition metal valued industrially for its hardness, heat resistance, and electrical properties.

Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive metal found in soil, rock, and groundwater with no biological role in humans.

Verrucarin A is a highly toxic mold compound produced by Stachybotrys, Myrothecium, and Fusarium species that grow on water-damaged building materials and grains including corn, wheat, rye, and barley.

Zearalenone is a hormone-active mold toxin produced by Fusarium species that grow on grains in cool, damp conditions.

Albumin is a protein made by the liver that has many functions in the body, such as maintaining fluid balance, transporting substances including hormones and vitamins, regulating blood pressure, preventing blood clotting, and providing nutrition¹².

DHEA-Sulfate (DHEA-S) is a steroid hormone that is made by the adrenal glands and converted into sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.

T4 and T3 are thyroid hormones that regulate the metabolism of the body.

The Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) is a calculated value that estimates the amount of unbound, biologically active thyroxine (free T4) circulating in your blood.

Selenium is an essential trace mineral that the body incorporates into more than 25 proteins called selenoproteins.

T3 Uptake (T3RU) is an indirect test that estimates how much of your thyroid-binding proteins - especially thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) - are available to carry thyroid hormones in the blood.

Thyroxine (T4) is one of the two main hormones produced by your thyroid gland (the other being triiodothyronine (T3)).

Testosterone is a hormone that is mainly produced by the testicles in males and the ovaries in females, but also by the adrenal glands in both sexes.

Bioavailable testosterone represents the fraction of testosterone in the blood that is readily available to tissues.

Testosterone is a hormone that is mainly produced by the testicles in males and the ovaries in females, but also by the adrenal glands in both sexes.

Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) are autoantibodies produced by the immune system that mistakenly target thyroglobulin, a large sugar-linked protein made by the thyroid gland.

Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) are autoantibodies produced by the immune system that mistakenly target thyroglobulin, a large sugar-linked protein made by the thyroid gland.

Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (TPOAb) are a marker of the immune system attacking the thyroid gland.

TSH stands for thyroid stimulating hormone.

17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) is a steroid hormone that acts as an intermediate step in the production of other hormones.

Albumin is a protein made by the liver that has many functions in the body, such as maintaining fluid balance, transporting substances including hormones and vitamins, regulating blood pressure, preventing blood clotting, and providing nutrition¹².

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a potent androgen formed primarily through the conversion of testosterone by the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase.

DHEA-Sulfate (DHEA-S) is a steroid hormone that is made by the adrenal glands and converted into sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.

Estradiol is the most potent form of estrogen, a hormone produced by both males and females, albeit in different amounts.

FSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that helps the reproductive system develop eggs in women and sperm in men¹².

The Free Androgen Index (FAI) is a calculated ratio used to estimate the amount of biologically active (free) testosterone circulating in the bloodstream.

Free PSA is the portion of PSA not bound to proteins.

PSA % Free is the percentage of PSA not bound to proteins.

LH stands for luteinizing hormone, which is a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary gland involved in regulation of the reproductive function¹.

Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a protein hormone produced by the small, developing follicles in a woman’s ovaries.

Progesterone is a hormone that plays an important role in your reproductive system.

Prolactin is a hormone produced mainly by the pituitary gland, with smaller amounts made in the breast, uterus, brain, and immune system¹.

PSA, or Prostate-Specific Antigen, is a protein primarily produced by prostate cells.

PSA, or Prostate-Specific Antigen, is a protein primarily produced by prostate cells.

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a protein that is produced in the liver and binds to certain sex hormones, such as testosterone, estradiol, and dihydrotestosterone¹².

Testosterone is a hormone that is mainly produced by the testicles in males and the ovaries in females, but also by the adrenal glands in both sexes.

Bioavailable testosterone represents the fraction of testosterone in the blood that is readily available to tissues.

Testosterone is a hormone that is mainly produced by the testicles in males and the ovaries in females, but also by the adrenal glands in both sexes.

The Testosterone-to-Estradiol Ratio (T/E₂) reflects androgen–estrogen balance.

Vitamin D is an essential and multifunctional micronutrient.

Vitamin C (also called L-ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that you must obtain from diet, since unlike most animals we cannot make it ourselves.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme that helps break down amino acids and is found in various tissues, such as the liver, heart, muscles, kidneys, and brain.

Calcium is one of the most important and common minerals in your body.

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a central role in energy production, DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and nervous system health.

Corrected calcium is a calculated value that adjusts your measured total serum calcium based on your albumin level.

High-sensitivity CRP is a blood test that measures very subtle levels of inflammation in the body.

The CRP-to-Albumin Ratio (CAR) integrates inflammation (CRP) with nutritional/hepatic reserve (albumin).

RDW is a measurement of the variability of red blood cell size.

Ferritin is a blood protein that contains iron¹².

Folate is a type of vitamin B that is essential for the production and maintenance of new cells, especially during periods of rapid growth, such as pregnancy, infancy, and adolescence.

Red blood cell folate measures the concentration of folate stored inside red blood cells.

Hematocrit is a test that measures the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

Hemoglobin is a complex, iron-containing protein located within our red blood cells.

Homocysteine is an amino acid, which is a molecule that your body uses to make proteins.

TIBC is a blood test that measures your blood's ability (capacity) to attach (bind) to iron and carry it throughout your body².

Iron is a mineral that is essential for many biological processes in the body, such as oxygen transport, muscle activity, mitochondrial function, DNA synthesis, and sensing of hypoxia⁵.

Iron saturation is a biomarker that measures the percentage of iron bound to transferrin, a protein that moves iron throughout the body¹.

Macrocytosis refers to the presence of enlarged red blood cells (RBCs) - cells that have a higher-than-normal volume, typically defined as a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) greater than 100 fL.

Magnesium is an essential mineral that acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymatic reactions, including those that regulate energy production, DNA/RNA synthesis, protein formation, and nerve and muscle signaling.

MCH is the average mass of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell.

MCHC stands for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.

MCV stands for mean corpuscular volume.

Microcytosis refers to the presence of small red blood cells (RBCs), typically defined by a low mean cell volume (MCV) - usually less than 80 fL.

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin required as a cofactor for enzymes that add carboxyl groups to specific proteins - a process known as γ-carboxylation.

The Platelet-to-WBC Ratio (PWR) compares platelet counts with total white blood cell counts.

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is one of the essential B-vitamins, and it works in its active form called pyridoxal-5’-phosphate (PLP).

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is one of the essential B-vitamins, and it works in its active form called pyridoxal-5’-phosphate (PLP).

Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, are the most abundant type of blood cells in your body.

The RDW/MCV ratio is a red blood cell metric that compares two distinct aspects of red cell morphology: - Red cell distribution width (RDW) which measures the *variation in size* among red blood cells in circulation.

Selenium is an essential trace mineral that the body incorporates into more than 25 proteins called selenoproteins.

Adiponectin is a protein hormone (also called an adipokine) that is mainly secreted by fat cells, but it is also produced in smaller amounts by muscle and the lining of blood vessels.

ALT is an enzyme that is mainly found in the liver cells and helps break down proteins and amino acids.

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a protein that has many functions in the body, such as transporting lipids (fats), regulating cholesterol metabolism, maintaining blood vessel integrity, and modulating immune responses¹.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme that helps break down amino acids and is found in various tissues, such as the liver, heart, muscles, kidneys, and brain.

The Atherogenic Coefficient (AC) is a simple ratio that shows how much of your total cholesterol is made up of potentially harmful types - specifically, all cholesterol except HDL, the “good” cholesterol.

The Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) is calculated as the logarithm of the ratio between triglycerides and HDL cholesterol.

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reflects how much glucose (sugar) has become attached to your red blood cells over their 8–12 week lifespan.

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reflects how much glucose (sugar) has become attached to your red blood cells over their 8-12 week lifespan.

C-peptide is a short protein fragment released by the pancreas every time it makes insulin.

The Castelli Risk Index I (CRI-I) is a cardiovascular risk marker calculated by dividing total cholesterol by HDL cholesterol.

The Castelli Risk Index II (CRI-II) is a lipid ratio calculated by dividing LDL cholesterol (“bad” cholesterol) by HDL cholesterol (“good” cholesterol).

Chloride is a type of electrolyte that carries an electric charge and helps control the amount of fluids and the balance of acids and bases (pH balance) in your body¹².

HDL cholesterol is a type of cholesterol that is carried by high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in your blood.

LDL cholesterol is a type of cholesterol that is carried by low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in your blood.

The LDL/HDL ratio shows the balance between 'bad' LDL cholesterol and 'good' HDL cholesterol.

VLDL cholesterol stands for very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Total cholesterol is a measure of the total amount of cholesterol in your blood.

Non-HDL cholesterol is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular risk than LDL alone, especially in contexts with elevated triglycerides.

The Total Cholesterol/HDL ratio measures the balance between all cholesterol in the blood and the 'good' HDL cholesterol.

Total carbon dioxide (CO2) is a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood.

High-sensitivity CRP is a blood test that measures very subtle levels of inflammation in the body.

Fructosamine is a compound formed when glucose (sugar) in the blood attaches to proteins, mostly albumin.

γ-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) is an enzyme primarily found in the liver, with elevated levels indicating potential liver dysfunction, oxidative stress, or cardiovascular risk¹.

Glucose is a type of sugar that is your body's main source of energy.

Hemoglobin A1c is a type of hemoglobin, which is the protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.

Homocysteine is an amino acid, which is a molecule that your body uses to make proteins.

Fasting insulin reflects how much insulin the pancreas produces after an overnight fast.

Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas and regulates the metabolism of glucose, fat and protein.

The LDL Cholesterol-to-Apolipoprotein B Ratio (LDL-C/ApoB) reflects cholesterol content per LDL particle and indicates LDL particle size/density.

The LDL / Total Cholesterol ratio is a simple calculation that expresses the proportion of total cholesterol that is made up of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), commonly referred to as “bad cholesterol.

Leptin is a hormone primarily produced by fat cells and released into the bloodstream in amounts that reflect the size of the body’s fat stores.

The Neutrophil-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio (NHR) integrates innate immune activation (neutrophils) with HDL-C’s protective effects.

The Non-HDL Cholesterol-to-Apolipoprotein B Ratio (Non-HDL-C/ApoB) reflects cholesterol content per atherogenic particle across LDL, VLDL, IDL, and Lp(a).

The Non-HDL / Total Cholesterol ratio measures the proportion of your total cholesterol that is carried by potentially harmful lipoproteins - all cholesterol excluding HDL, which is considered “good cholesterol.

Potassium is a mineral and an electrolyte that is critical for many body functions, including nerve signals, muscle contractions, heart rhythms, blood pressure, fluid balance, and pH balance¹.

Sodium is a mineral and an electrolyte that is essential for many body functions, including nerve signals, muscle contractions, fluid balance, blood pressure, and pH balance¹.

The Triglyceride / HDL Cholesterol ratio is a powerful marker of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk.

Triglycerides are a type of fat, or lipid, found in your blood.

The Triglyceride-to-Apolipoprotein B Ratio (TG/ApoB) estimates the triglyceride load per atherogenic particle.

The TyG Index is a metabolic risk marker calculated using fasting triglycerides and fasting glucose.

Uric acid is a waste product that is formed when the body breaks down purines, which are chemicals found in some foods and drinks, such as red meat, organ meats, seafood, beer and fructose-sweetened beverages³.

The Uric Acid-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio (UHR) integrates oxidative/inflammatory load (uric acid) with HDL’s vascular protection.

Globulin is a type of protein that is made by the liver and the immune system.

Albumin is a protein made by the liver that has many functions in the body, such as maintaining fluid balance, transporting substances including hormones and vitamins, regulating blood pressure, preventing blood clotting, and providing nutrition¹².

ALP is an enzyme that is found in various tissues, mainly in the liver and bone.

ALT is an enzyme that is mainly found in the liver cells and helps break down proteins and amino acids.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme that helps break down amino acids and is found in various tissues, such as the liver, heart, muscles, kidneys, and brain.

Direct bilirubin (also known as conjugated bilirubin) is a water-soluble form of bilirubin that has been processed by the liver.

Indirect bilirubin (also known as unconjugated bilirubin) is a fat-soluble waste product generated during the normal breakdown of red blood cells, specifically from the heme component of hemoglobin.

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is produced when red blood cells break down in the body.

The Bilirubin-to-Albumin Ratio (B/A Ratio) integrates bilirubin production and albumin-bound clearance.

Ferritin is a blood protein that contains iron¹².

The Ferritin-to-Albumin Ratio (FAR) integrates inflammation (ferritin) and nutritional status (albumin).

γ-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) is an enzyme primarily found in the liver, with elevated levels indicating potential liver dysfunction, oxidative stress, or cardiovascular risk¹.

The GGT-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio (GGT/HDL-C) reflects oxidative stress versus lipid vascular protection.

Globulin is a type of protein that is made by the liver and the immune system.

The Indirect-to-Direct Bilirubin Ratio (I/D Ratio) reflects bilirubin metabolism, conjugation, and clearance.

Macrocytosis refers to the presence of enlarged red blood cells (RBCs) - cells that have a higher-than-normal volume, typically defined as a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) greater than 100 fL.

Microcytosis refers to the presence of small red blood cells (RBCs), typically defined by a low mean cell volume (MCV) - usually less than 80 fL.

Total Protein measures the total amount of two classes of proteins found in the plasma: albumin and globulin.

Albumin is a protein made by the liver that has many functions in the body, such as maintaining fluid balance, transporting substances including hormones and vitamins, regulating blood pressure, preventing blood clotting, and providing nutrition¹².

Urine appearance describes the visual clarity of urine and reflects the presence or absence of suspended particles such as cells, bacteria, proteins, crystals, or mucus.

Bacteria in urine sediment is measured by automated urinalysis, counting the number of bacteria per high power field.

Bacteria in urine sediment is checked by examining a urine sample under a microscope.

Urine bilirubin measures the presence of bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced from the breakdown of red blood cells, in the urine.

Urine bilirubin measures the presence of bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced from the breakdown of red blood cells, in the urine.

Calcium is one of the most important and common minerals in your body.

Urine character describes the visual clarity of urine and reflects the presence or absence of suspended particles such as cells, bacteria, proteins, crystals, or mucus.

Chloride is a type of electrolyte that carries an electric charge and helps control the amount of fluids and the balance of acids and bases (pH balance) in your body¹².

Urine color is an indirect visual indicator of kidney function, fluid balance, and systemic metabolism.

Urine color is an indirect visual indicator of kidney function, fluid balance, and systemic metabolism.

Corrected calcium is a calculated value that adjusts your measured total serum calcium based on your albumin level.

Creatinine is a waste product that comes from the normal wear and tear on muscles of the body³.

The CRP-to-Albumin Ratio (CAR) integrates inflammation (CRP) with nutritional/hepatic reserve (albumin).

Urine crystals are solid formations that can appear in urine sediment when certain dissolved substances precipitate out of solution.

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a small molecule that comes from the normal breakdown of proteins in the body.

Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a small molecule that comes from the natural breakdown of proteins in the body.

Epithelial casts are cylindrical structures found in urine sediment that contain renal tubular epithelial cells trapped within a protein matrix.

Epithelial cells in urine sediment are counted by automated urinalysis.

Renal epithelial cells are specialized cells that line the kidney tubules.

Squamous epithelial cells are flat cells that line the outer portion of the urinary tract and surrounding skin.

Fatty casts are cylindrical structures found in urine sediment that contain lipid droplets or fat-laden cells within a protein matrix.

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a calculation that reflects how well the kidneys are functioning by estimating the volume of blood they filter each minute, adjusted to a standard body surface area (mL/min/1.

Globulin is a type of protein that is made by the liver and the immune system.

Urine glucose measures the presence of glucose, the body's primary fuel derived from dietary carbohydrates, in the urine.

Urine glucose measures the presence of glucose, the body's primary fuel derived from dietary carbohydrates, in the urine.

Granular casts are cylindrical structures found in urine sediment that contain granular material from degenerating cells or aggregated proteins.

Urine occult blood measures the presence of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the urine that may be invisible to the naked eye.

Urine occult blood measures the presence of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the urine that may be invisible to the naked eye.

Hyaline casts are cylindrical protein structures formed in the kidney tubules and detected in urine by automated urinalysis.

Urine ketone confirmation (Acetest) is a follow-up test that confirms the presence of ketone bodies using a different analytical method than the initial dipstick screening.

Urine ketones measure the presence of ketone bodies, which are byproducts of fat metabolism produced when the body uses fat instead of glucose as its primary energy source.

Urine ketones measure the presence of ketone bodies, which are byproducts of fat metabolism produced when the body uses fat instead of glucose as its primary energy source.

Urine leukocyte esterase measures the presence of esterase, an enzyme released by activated white blood cells (neutrophils) in the urinary tract.

Urine leukocyte esterase measures the presence of esterase, an enzyme released by activated white blood cells (leukocytes) involved in immune defense.

Urine nitrite measures the presence of nitrites formed when certain bacteria convert naturally occurring urinary nitrates into nitrites.

Urine nitrite measures the presence of nitrites formed when certain bacteria convert naturally occurring urinary nitrates into nitrites.

Urine pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of urine and reflects the body's regulation of acid-base balance through the kidneys.

Urine pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of urine and reflects the body's regulation of acid-base balance through the kidneys.

Potassium is a mineral and an electrolyte that is critical for many body functions, including nerve signals, muscle contractions, heart rhythms, blood pressure, fluid balance, and pH balance¹.

Total Protein measures the total amount of two classes of proteins found in the plasma: albumin and globulin.

Urine protein measures the presence of protein in the urine and reflects the integrity of the kidney's filtration barrier.

Urine protein measures the presence of protein in the urine and reflects the integrity of the kidney's filtration barrier.

Urinary red blood cells (RBCs) measure the presence of intact red blood cells detected by automated urinalysis.

Red blood cell (RBC) casts are cylindrical structures found in urine sediment that contain intact red blood cells trapped within a protein matrix.

Urinary red blood cells (RBCs) measure the presence of intact red blood cells detected by urine microscopy.

Urine reducing substances (Clinitest) measures the presence of reducing sugars and other reducing compounds in urine using a chemical reaction method.

Sodium is a mineral and an electrolyte that is essential for many body functions, including nerve signals, muscle contractions, fluid balance, blood pressure, and pH balance¹.

Urine specific gravity measures the concentration of dissolved particles in urine relative to pure water and reflects the kidneys' ability to regulate fluid balance by concentrating or diluting urine.

Urine specific gravity measures the concentration of dissolved particles in urine relative to pure water and reflects the kidneys' ability to regulate fluid balance by concentrating or diluting urine.

Spermatozoa in urine are detected by automated urinalysis and indicate the presence of sperm cells in the urine sample.

Trichomonas detection in urine identifies the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis, a parasitic protozoan that causes trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted infection.

Uric acid is a waste product that is formed when the body breaks down purines, which are chemicals found in some foods and drinks, such as red meat, organ meats, seafood, beer and fructose-sweetened beverages³.

BUN/Creatinine ratio is a calculation that compares the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine in your blood.

BUN stands for blood urea nitrogen, which is a waste product that is produced when your body breaks down the protein in the foods you eat.

The Urea-to-Creatinine Ratio (UCR) provides insight into renal stress, hydration, protein metabolism, and pre-renal vs.

The Uric Acid-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio (UHR) integrates oxidative/inflammatory load (uric acid) with HDL’s vascular protection.

Urine urobilinogen measures the concentration of urobilinogen, a byproduct of bilirubin metabolism produced by intestinal bacteria.

Waxy casts are cylindrical structures found in urine sediment with a smooth, waxy appearance.

Urine white blood cells (WBCs) measure the presence of immune cells in the urine and indicate inflammatory activity within the urinary tract.

White blood cell (WBC) casts are cylindrical structures found in urine sediment that contain white blood cells trapped within a protein matrix.

Urine white blood cells (WBCs) measure the presence of immune cells in the urine and indicate inflammatory activity within the urinary tract.

Yeast cells in urine are detected by automated urinalysis and indicate the presence of fungal organisms, most commonly Candida species.

High-sensitivity CRP is a blood test that measures very subtle levels of inflammation in the body.

The CRP-to-Albumin Ratio (CAR) integrates inflammation (CRP) with nutritional/hepatic reserve (albumin).

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), or sedimentation rate measures how quickly erythrocytes (red blood cells) settle at the bottom of a test tube over a period of one hour.

Ferritin is a blood protein that contains iron¹².

The Ferritin-to-Albumin Ratio (FAR) integrates inflammation (ferritin) and nutritional status (albumin).

The Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio (LMR) reflects the balance between adaptive immune function (lymphocytes) and innate immune activation (monocytes).

The Monocyte-to-HDL Ratio (MHR) reflects the balance between inflammation and cardiovascular protection.

The Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR) captures the balance between innate inflammatory processes (monocytes) and adaptive immune response (lymphocytes).

The Neutrophil-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio (NHR) integrates innate immune activation (neutrophils) with HDL-C’s protective effects.

The Neutrophil-to-(Lymphocyte × Platelet) Ratio (NLPR) combines neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets to reflect inflammatory burden, adaptive immunity, and repair capacity.

The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) reflects balance between innate and adaptive immunity.

The Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) reflects thrombo-inflammatory burden and immune balance by combining platelet activity with adaptive immune status.

The Platelet-to-WBC Ratio (PWR) compares platelet counts with total white blood cell counts.

Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an autoantibody - an antibody directed against the body’s own tissues rather than foreign invaders.

The Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) integrates platelets, neutrophils, and lymphocytes.

The Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI) = (neutrophils × monocytes) / lymphocytes, integrating innate inflammatory activity with adaptive immune regulation.

WBCs are cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders³.

Alternaria alternata IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to spores produced by Alternaria alternata, one of the most common outdoor molds worldwide.

Aspergillus fumigatus IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to spores produced by Aspergillus fumigatus, a common environmental mold found in soil, decaying organic matter, compost, and indoor environments with moisture problems.

Dermatophagoides farinae IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins produced by the American house dust mite.

Bands (or band neutrophils) are immature white blood cells that develop into fully functional neutrophils - key players in the body’s innate immune system, which serves as the first line of defense against infection.

Basophils are a type of white blood cell that the bone marrow makes.

Basophils are a type of white blood cell that are part of the immune system.

Bermuda grass IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins found in Bermuda grass pollen.

Absolute Blast Count measures the actual number of blast cells - very immature blood cells circulating in the bloodstream.

Burr cells, also known as echinocytes (or “hedgehog cells”), are red blood cells with a spiky or serrated outer surface, giving them a thorny appearance that contrasts with the smooth, disc-shaped profile of healthy red blood cells.

Cat dander IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins produced by cats — primarily Fel d 1, which is found in cat skin flakes (dander), saliva, and urine.

Cockroach IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins found in cockroach saliva, droppings, shed body parts, and decomposing remains.

Rough pigweed IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins found in rough pigweed pollen.

Common ragweed IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins found in short ragweed pollen.

High-sensitivity CRP is a blood test that measures very subtle levels of inflammation in the body.

Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (CCP) antibodies are autoantibodies that target proteins in the body that have undergone a process called citrullination.

Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (CCP) antibodies are autoantibodies that target proteins in the body that have undergone a process called citrullination.

Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies are autoantibodies that target the body’s own genetic material - specifically, the double-helix structure of DNA inside the cell nucleus.

Dog dander IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins produced by dogs — primarily Can f 1, found in dog dander, saliva, and urine.

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that are part of the immune system².

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell and a component of the immune system, playing a crucial role in the body's defense against parasitic infections, allergens, and in mediating allergic reactions.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), or sedimentation rate measures how quickly erythrocytes (red blood cells) settle at the bottom of a test tube over a period of one hour.

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins produced by the European house dust mite.

Ferritin is a blood protein that contains iron¹².

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is one of the body’s main types of antibodies and plays a central role in the immune defenses that protect the body’s mucosal surfaces — the thin, moist linings of the gut, airways, mouth, and eyes.

Immunoglobulin E

Sycamore IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins found in sycamore tree pollen.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that are part of the immune system.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that are integral to the immune system.

Metamyelocytes are immature granulocytes normally absent in healthy peripheral blood.

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that are produced in the bone marrow and then enter the bloodstream⁴.

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that are part of the immune system.

Mononuclear cells are a group of white blood cells characterized by having a single, round nucleus.

Mountain cedar IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins found in mountain cedar pollen.

Mugwort IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins found in mugwort pollen.

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell and the most abundant type of granulocytes in the bloodstream, playing a crucial role in the body's first line of defense against infection.

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell and the most abundant type of granulocytes in the bloodstream, playing a crucial role in the body's first line of defense against infection.

The Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) screen is a broad test that looks for antibodies directed against the nucleus of your own cells.

Penicillium notatum IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to spores and proteins produced by Penicillium notatum (now known as Penicillium chrysogenum), a common indoor and outdoor mold.

Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) measures the average size of your platelets - the small cell fragments in your blood that help with clotting, wound repair, and inflammation control.

Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) measures the average size of your platelets - the small cell fragments in your blood that help with clotting, wound repair, and inflammation control.

Platelets are tiny components of your blood that help with clotting.

Prolymphocytes are immature lymphocytes which are developing cells on their way to becoming fully functional B-cells or T-cells, which are central to your body’s adaptive immune system.

Promyelocytes are immature white blood cells that belong to the granulocyte lineage - the family of immune cells that includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an autoantibody - an antibody directed against the body’s own tissues rather than foreign invaders.

Birch IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins found in birch tree pollen.

Sjogren’s Antibody (SS-A, also called Ro) is an autoantibody that targets proteins bound to RNA inside the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Anti-SSA 60 (Ro60) is one of the two main subtypes of SS-A antibodies (the other being SSA 52).

Sjogren’s Antibody (SS-B, also called La) is an autoantibody that targets the La protein, a nuclear protein involved in stabilizing RNA molecules and assisting with their proper processing.

Smith (Sm) antibodies are autoantibodies - antibodies that mistakenly target the body’s own cells rather than external threats like bacteria or viruses.

Timothy grass IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins found in Timothy grass pollen.

RNP antibodies are autoantibodies directed against ribonucleoproteins, molecules made of RNA and proteins that are essential for normal cell function.

Atypical lymphocytes - also called reactive lymphocytes - are white blood cells that appear larger and more irregular than typical lymphocytes when viewed under a microscope.

WBCs are cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders³.

White ash IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins found in white ash tree pollen.

Elm IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins found in elm tree pollen.

White mulberry IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins found in white mulberry tree pollen.

Oak IgE measures your immune system's specific allergic antibody response to proteins found in oak tree pollen.

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a protein that has many functions in the body, such as transporting lipids (fats), regulating cholesterol metabolism, maintaining blood vessel integrity, and modulating immune responses¹.

The Atherogenic Coefficient (AC) is a simple ratio that shows how much of your total cholesterol is made up of potentially harmful types - specifically, all cholesterol except HDL, the “good” cholesterol.

The Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) is calculated as the logarithm of the ratio between triglycerides and HDL cholesterol.

The Castelli Risk Index I (CRI-I) is a cardiovascular risk marker calculated by dividing total cholesterol by HDL cholesterol.

The Castelli Risk Index II (CRI-II) is a lipid ratio calculated by dividing LDL cholesterol (“bad” cholesterol) by HDL cholesterol (“good” cholesterol).

HDL cholesterol is a type of cholesterol that is carried by high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in your blood.

LDL cholesterol is a type of cholesterol that is carried by low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in your blood.

The LDL/HDL ratio shows the balance between 'bad' LDL cholesterol and 'good' HDL cholesterol.

VLDL cholesterol stands for very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Total cholesterol is a measure of the total amount of cholesterol in your blood.

Non-HDL cholesterol is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular risk than LDL alone, especially in contexts with elevated triglycerides.

The Total Cholesterol/HDL ratio measures the balance between all cholesterol in the blood and the 'good' HDL cholesterol.

Total carbon dioxide (CO2) is a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood.

High-sensitivity CRP is a blood test that measures very subtle levels of inflammation in the body.

The CRP-to-Albumin Ratio (CAR) integrates inflammation (CRP) with nutritional/hepatic reserve (albumin).

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a small molecule that comes from the normal breakdown of proteins in the body.

Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a small molecule that comes from the natural breakdown of proteins in the body.

The GGT-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio (GGT/HDL-C) reflects oxidative stress versus lipid vascular protection.

Homocysteine is an amino acid, which is a molecule that your body uses to make proteins.

The LDL Cholesterol-to-Apolipoprotein B Ratio (LDL-C/ApoB) reflects cholesterol content per LDL particle and indicates LDL particle size/density.

Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) measures the amount of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol that has undergone oxidative modification.

The LDL / Total Cholesterol ratio is a simple calculation that expresses the proportion of total cholesterol that is made up of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), commonly referred to as “bad cholesterol.

Lipoprotein (a) or Lp(a) is a macromolecular complex composed of one molecule of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) containing apolipoprotein B100 and one molecule of apolipoprotein(a)¹.

The Monocyte-to-HDL Ratio (MHR) reflects the balance between inflammation and cardiovascular protection.

The Neutrophil-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio (NHR) integrates innate immune activation (neutrophils) with HDL-C’s protective effects.

The Non-HDL Cholesterol-to-Apolipoprotein B Ratio (Non-HDL-C/ApoB) reflects cholesterol content per atherogenic particle across LDL, VLDL, IDL, and Lp(a).

The Non-HDL / Total Cholesterol ratio measures the proportion of your total cholesterol that is carried by potentially harmful lipoproteins - all cholesterol excluding HDL, which is considered “good cholesterol.

The Triglyceride / HDL Cholesterol ratio is a powerful marker of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk.

Triglycerides are a type of fat, or lipid, found in your blood.

The Triglyceride-to-Apolipoprotein B Ratio (TG/ApoB) estimates the triglyceride load per atherogenic particle.

The TyG Index is a metabolic risk marker calculated using fasting triglycerides and fasting glucose.

Uric acid is a waste product that is formed when the body breaks down purines, which are chemicals found in some foods and drinks, such as red meat, organ meats, seafood, beer and fructose-sweetened beverages³.

Globulin is a type of protein that is made by the liver and the immune system.

Albumin is a protein made by the liver that has many functions in the body, such as maintaining fluid balance, transporting substances including hormones and vitamins, regulating blood pressure, preventing blood clotting, and providing nutrition¹².

The Bilirubin-to-Albumin Ratio (B/A Ratio) integrates bilirubin production and albumin-bound clearance.

Globulin is a type of protein that is made by the liver and the immune system.

Total Protein measures the total amount of two classes of proteins found in the plasma: albumin and globulin.

Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody, IgA (tTG-IgA), is an autoantibody produced when the immune system reacts abnormally to gluten - a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.

Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody, IgA (tTG-IgA), is an autoantibody produced when the immune system reacts abnormally to gluten - a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme that helps break down amino acids and is found in various tissues, such as the liver, heart, muscles, kidneys, and brain.

Total carbon dioxide (CO2) is a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood.

Cortisol is a hormone made by the adrenal glands that helps you respond to stress and regulate various bodily functions.

DHEA-Sulfate (DHEA-S) is a steroid hormone that is made by the adrenal glands and converted into sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.

Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) is a hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin¹.

The IGF-1 Z Score is the number of standard deviations an IGF-1 result is above or below the age- and sex-matched population mean (SD units).

The Testosterone-to-Estradiol Ratio (T/E₂) reflects androgen–estrogen balance.

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a central role in energy production, DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and nervous system health.

Ferritin is a blood protein that contains iron¹².

Folate is a type of vitamin B that is essential for the production and maintenance of new cells, especially during periods of rapid growth, such as pregnancy, infancy, and adolescence.

Red blood cell folate measures the concentration of folate stored inside red blood cells.

Homocysteine is an amino acid, which is a molecule that your body uses to make proteins.

Iron is a mineral that is essential for many biological processes in the body, such as oxygen transport, muscle activity, mitochondrial function, DNA synthesis, and sensing of hypoxia⁵.

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a small organic acid that builds up when the body cannot properly use vitamin B12 (cobalamin).

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is one of the essential B-vitamins, and it works in its active form called pyridoxal-5’-phosphate (PLP).

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is one of the essential B-vitamins, and it works in its active form called pyridoxal-5’-phosphate (PLP).

Vitamin D is an essential and multifunctional micronutrient.

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a central role in energy production, DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and nervous system health.

Cortisol is a hormone made by the adrenal glands that helps you respond to stress and regulate various bodily functions.

High-sensitivity CRP is a blood test that measures very subtle levels of inflammation in the body.

Estradiol is the most potent form of estrogen, a hormone produced by both males and females, albeit in different amounts.

Folate is a type of vitamin B that is essential for the production and maintenance of new cells, especially during periods of rapid growth, such as pregnancy, infancy, and adolescence.

T4 and T3 are thyroid hormones that regulate the metabolism of the body.

Homocysteine is an amino acid, which is a molecule that your body uses to make proteins.

Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) is a hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin¹.

Fasting insulin reflects how much insulin the pancreas produces after an overnight fast.

Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas and regulates the metabolism of glucose, fat and protein.

Testosterone is a hormone that is mainly produced by the testicles in males and the ovaries in females, but also by the adrenal glands in both sexes.

Bioavailable testosterone represents the fraction of testosterone in the blood that is readily available to tissues.

Testosterone is a hormone that is mainly produced by the testicles in males and the ovaries in females, but also by the adrenal glands in both sexes.