Wound Healing Peptides: How Peptides Promote Tissue Regeneration

Key Takeaways

• Compounds covered: GHK-Cu, BPC-157, LL-37, thymosin beta-4 (TB-500)
• Goal area: Cutaneous wound healing and tissue regeneration
• Evidence range: Ranges from substantial preclinical programs (GHK-Cu, thymosin beta-4) to animal-only data for BPC-157 and LL-37 in wound contexts; no compound in this group has completed Phase 3 human trials for wound healing
• Regulatory range: None are FDA-approved. Availability through compounding depends on current FDA 503A bulk drug substance listings, which are under active review. BPC-157 is currently Category 2 (compounding restricted); LL-37 is research-only (not legal for human use).
• Key biomarkers for wound healing: hs-CRP (systemic inflammation), glucose/HbA1c (metabolic context for healing), comprehensive metabolic panel, CBC (immune and hematologic baseline)
• As of April 2026: No peptide in this article carries FDA approval for wound healing. The FDA's 503A bulk drug substance list is under active review; GHK-Cu's and thymosin beta-4's (TB-500's) availability through compounding pharmacies is contingent on current bulks-list status and should be verified with a licensed provider. BPC-157 is classified as FDA Category 2 (compounding restricted); LL-37 is research-only.
• Bottom line: GHK-Cu has one of the most extensive preclinical wound healing evidence bases among the compounds discussed; no compound in this group has Phase 3 human trial data for wound healing indications.

Understanding Wound Healing: The Biology

Wound healing is a coordinated, overlapping biological process organized into four phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Each phase depends on precise signaling between cell populations — platelets, neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells — and the extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds them.

In the inflammation phase, macrophages clear debris and release growth factors including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) that recruit fibroblasts. In the proliferation phase, fibroblasts synthesize collagen and other ECM proteins while keratinocytes migrate inward to re-epithelialize the wound surface. Angiogenesis — the formation of new blood vessels driven largely by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) — supplies oxygen and nutrients to this new tissue. The remodeling phase reorganizes collagen from type III to type I over months, gradually restoring mechanical strength.

Peptides are mechanistically relevant to wound healing because several of these signaling steps are peptide-mediated. GHK-Cu modulates fibroblast activity and ECM gene expression. BPC-157 interacts with VEGF receptor pathways to promote angiogenesis. LL-37 bridges antimicrobial defense and keratinocyte migration signaling. Thymosin beta-4 promotes actin polymerization required for cell motility during wound closure. These are distinct intervention points in a single biological program — which is why the compounds in this article cannot be directly compared on a single efficacy axis.

Peptides Studied for Wound Healing: A Quick Comparison

The following peptides have published preclinical evidence relevant to cutaneous wound healing. They are listed by breadth and consistency of the evidence base, from most-studied to least.

• Compound: GHK-Cu (copper tripeptide-1)
  Mechanism for wound healing: Stimulates collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis by fibroblasts; promotes VEGF-mediated angiogenesis; modulates inflammatory gene expression toward repair
  Evidence: Multiple independent preclinical programs across rodent wound models; in-vitro genomic evidence; no completed Phase 3 human wound healing trial
  FDA status: Not FDA-approved for any indication. GHK-Cu's status on the FDA's 503A positive bulk drug substance list is under active review; its availability through 503A compounding is regulatorily uncertain and should be verified at the time of any clinical evaluation. Topical formulations exist as cosmetic ingredients, not drugs.
  SP availability: Not currently offered through Superpower's prescription network. As of April 2026, GHK-Cu is not FDA-approved for any indication and does not currently satisfy the § 503A(b)(1)(A) hooks for bulk drug substance compounding (it is not a component of an FDA-approved drug, does not appear in a USP/NF monograph, and is not on the FDA's Category 1 positive 503A bulks list). Injectable GHK-Cu compounding by a 503A pharmacy is therefore outside the FDA's enforcement-discretion safe harbor. Topical GHK-Cu formulations exist as cosmetic ingredients, regulated under the FD&C Act's cosmetic provisions (21 C.F.R. Part 700), not as drugs.
  Route: Topical (cream/serum, cosmetic use); subcutaneous injection (compounded drug use, where permitted)
• Compound: Thymosin beta-4 (TB-500)
  Mechanism for wound healing: Promotes G-actin sequestration and keratinocyte/fibroblast migration; supports angiogenesis through Notch/NF-κB regulation
  Evidence: Multiple preclinical reviews and rodent dermal wound studies; corneal wound data; no completed Phase 3 human trial
  FDA status: Not FDA-approved for any indication. Thymosin beta-4 has never appeared on the FDA's Category 1 positive 503A bulks list and is the subject of active FDA regulatory review regarding its 503A bulk-substance status; availability through compounding is uncertain and may change.
  SP availability: Availability through Superpower is not guaranteed and depends on the compound's current regulatory and compounding status; discuss with a licensed provider.
  Route: Subcutaneous injection (compounded use where permitted by current regulatory status); topical in some formulations
• Compound: BPC-157
  Mechanism for wound healing: Proposed VEGF-pathway angiogenesis promotion; modulates growth factor signaling in muscle, tendon, and GI tissue
  Evidence: Animal studies only in wound contexts; no completed Phase 3 human trial
  FDA status: Not FDA-approved for any indication; FDA Category 2 bulk drug substance (compounding restricted as of April 2026)
  SP availability: Not currently available through Superpower due to FDA Category 2 classification
  Route: Not currently compounded or dispensed in the US under 503A given Category 2 status; oral in some research protocols
• Compound: LL-37
  Mechanism for wound healing: Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide; promotes keratinocyte migration, angiogenesis, and autophagy-mediated wound resolution; antimicrobial activity reduces infection risk at wound sites
  Evidence: Animal studies including diabetic wound models; nanoparticle delivery research; no completed Phase 3 human trial
  FDA status: Research-only; not approved for human use
  SP availability: Not available through Superpower or any licensed prescriber
  Route: Research use only (topical and injectable in animal studies)

Compounds listed as "research-only" have not completed the clinical trial process required for FDA approval. They are not legal to prescribe or sell for human use in the US. Their inclusion here is for educational context only.

Peptides Studied for Wound Healing: Individual Profiles

Each compound below acts through different mechanisms at different stages of repair. A provider evaluating wound healing support would consider which phase of the healing process is the primary concern, what the wound type is, and what biomarker context the patient brings before considering any compound.

GHK-Cu (copper tripeptide-1)

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring human tripeptide (glycine-histidine-lysine) that chelates copper and is found endogenously in plasma, saliva, and urine. Serum levels are reported to decline with age in the biological-aging literature.

For wound healing, GHK-Cu's proposed mechanism operates at multiple levels. At the genomic level, a 2014 study by Pickart and colleagues published in BioMed Research International demonstrated that GHK-Cu resets human genome expression toward health, including upregulation of anti-inflammatory and tissue repair gene programs. A 2008 foundational review by Pickart in the Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition established the tripeptide's central role in collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and wound repair. At the angiogenesis level, a 2021 study by Zoughaib and colleagues in Materials Science and Engineering C demonstrated enhanced angiogenic effects of GHK and RGD peptides with copper in a synthetic ECM cryogel.

The most robust in vivo wound data to date is a 2017 study by Wang and colleagues published in Wound Repair and Regeneration demonstrating that GHK-Cu liposomes accelerated scald wound healing in mice by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis. A 2020 study by Ma and colleagues in Life Sciences showed that GHK-Cu exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects in a lung fibrosis model — mechanisms potentially relevant to wound tissue protection from oxidative damage, though not directly tested in cutaneous wound models. In hard-to-heal wound contexts, a 2022 study by Yang and colleagues in Macromolecular Bioscience demonstrated copper peptide-functionalized hydrogel scaffolds improved wound healing in a diabetic animal model, illustrating a potential translational research direction. [Animal study / In vitro]

As of April 2026, GHK-Cu is not FDA-approved for any indication. GHK-Cu's status on the FDA's 503A positive bulk drug substance list is under active review, and its availability through 503A compounding is regulatorily uncertain; prescribers and patients should confirm current status at the time of any clinical evaluation. Topical GHK-Cu formulations exist as cosmetic ingredients regulated under the FD&C Act's cosmetic provisions, not as drugs — a distinction that does not confer 503A compoundability for injectable use. GHK-Cu is not currently offered through Superpower's prescription network; injectable GHK-Cu compounding by a 503A pharmacy falls outside the FDA's enforcement-discretion safe harbor because GHK-Cu does not currently satisfy the § 503A(b)(1)(A) statutory hooks (component of an FDA-approved drug, USP/NF monograph, or Category 1 positive bulks list). The absence of completed Phase 3 human wound healing trials means efficacy in humans at clinical dose ranges has not been established through controlled research.

Thymosin beta-4 (TB-500)

Thymosin beta-4 is a naturally occurring 43-amino-acid peptide that functions primarily by binding G-actin (monomeric actin) and regulating its polymerization into F-actin filaments. This actin-binding activity is central to cell motility, making thymosin beta-4 a regulator of the keratinocyte and fibroblast migration required for wound closure.

A 2023 review by Ying and colleagues in Current Protein and Peptide Science characterized thymosin beta-4's actin-binding modes and the molecular mechanism by which it promotes keratinocyte and fibroblast migration. For angiogenesis, a 2020 study by Lv and colleagues in the International Journal of Molecular Medicine demonstrated thymosin beta-4 induces angiogenesis via Notch/NF-κB regulation in a critical limb ischemia model — a mechanism plausibly relevant to vascular bed development in healing tissue. A 2016 review by Kleinman and colleagues in Vitamins and Hormones characterized thymosin beta-4 as a modulator of dermal repair processes including keratinocyte migration and angiogenesis in preclinical contexts — the primary dermal wound repair citation for this compound.

A 2019 review by Yang and colleagues in the European Journal of Dermatology examined thymosin beta-4's potential in severe dermal injuries including epidermolysis bullosa. More recent evidence from Nguyen and colleagues published in 2025 in Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science showed an engineered tandem thymosin peptide (a synthetic construct based on thymosin beta-4) promotes corneal wound healing — demonstrating that thymosin-derived sequences can modulate repair across diverse epithelial tissue types. A 2018 review by Dubé and colleagues in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy addressed the angiogenic contribution of thymosin beta-4 to wound healing and vascular repair broadly. [Animal study / Preclinical review]

TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4. As of April 2026, thymosin beta-4 (TB-500) is not FDA-approved for any indication and is the subject of active FDA regulatory review regarding its 503A bulk-substance status. Its availability through compounding pharmacies is uncertain and may change; patients and providers should verify current status at the time of any clinical evaluation. Thymosin beta-4 has never appeared on the FDA's Category 1 positive 503A bulks list.

BPC-157

BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a partial sequence of a protein found in human gastric juice. It has been studied primarily in animal models for tissue healing across multiple organ systems.

For wound healing specifically, a 2021 review by Seiwerth and colleagues in Frontiers in Pharmacology reviewed BPC-157 and wound healing across vascular and tissue mechanisms. Its proposed mechanism centers on angiogenesis: a 2009 study by Brcic and colleagues in the Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology demonstrated that BPC-157 modulates angiogenesis in muscle and tendon healing via VEGF upregulation. A 2018 review by Seiwerth and colleagues in Current Pharmaceutical Design reviewed BPC-157's interactions with angiogenic growth factors in wound healing contexts. [Animal study]

BPC-157 is not FDA-approved for any indication. As of April 2026, it is classified as an FDA Category 2 bulk drug substance; compounding under Section 503A is restricted pending further FDA review. Category 2 classification means the FDA has identified significant safety risks with BPC-157; 503A pharmacies that compound a Category 2 substance do so without the FDA's enforcement-discretion protections and at materially elevated risk of FDA enforcement action. The FDA's 503A bulk substance list is under active review, and BPC-157's status may change. A 2025 narrative review by McGuire and colleagues in Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine provides an honest framing of BPC-157 evidence quality for musculoskeletal healing: the animal data is extensive, the human controlled trial data is absent. BPC-157 is not currently available through Superpower due to FDA Category 2 classification.

LL-37

LL-37 is a 37-amino-acid cathelicidin peptide produced by neutrophils, macrophages, keratinocytes, and epithelial cells as part of the innate immune response. It is one of only two human cathelicidin-family antimicrobial peptides. Its wound-healing interest derives from a dual role: direct antimicrobial activity at the wound site and independent tissue-regenerative signaling through keratinocyte and endothelial cell receptors.

The most mechanistically detailed wound-healing evidence is a 2024 study by Xi and colleagues published in Peptides showing that LL-37 accelerated wound closure in diabetic mice via TFEB-dependent autophagy regulation — a mechanism that links its anti-inflammatory activity to cellular cleanup pathways relevant in chronic wound environments. Delivery strategy research by Chereddy and colleagues, published in the Journal of Controlled Release in 2014, showed PLGA nanoparticles loaded with LL-37 promoted wound healing in animal models. Fumakia and colleagues, in a 2016 study in Molecular Pharmaceutics, demonstrated LL-37-loaded nanoparticles promoted wound healing in animal models and synergistically enhanced antibacterial activity. [Animal study / In vitro]

This compound has not been approved by the FDA for any medical use. Research is limited to laboratory and animal studies. It is not available through Superpower or any licensed prescriber for this use. Inclusion is for educational context only. The mechanism discussion above is provided for scientific-educational context; LL-37 is not available by prescription in the US, and purchasing LL-37 from online vendors or sourcing it outside licensed pharmaceutical channels is not a legitimate or safe alternative to prescription peptide therapy.

Regulatory Status at a Glance

As of April 2026, the peptides discussed in this article carry different regulatory statuses. These distinctions matter when discussing any of them with a healthcare provider.

• GHK-Cu: Not FDA-approved for any indication. Status on the FDA's 503A positive bulk drug substance list is under active review; 503A compounding availability is regulatorily uncertain and should be verified at the time of any clinical evaluation. Topical formulations are regulated as cosmetic ingredients (not as drugs).
• Thymosin beta-4 (TB-500): Not FDA-approved for any indication. Has never appeared on the FDA's Category 1 positive 503A bulks list. Subject to active FDA regulatory review; availability through compounding pharmacies is uncertain and may change.
• BPC-157: Not FDA-approved for any indication. FDA Category 2 bulk drug substance as of April 2026; compounding under Section 503A is restricted, and compounders that proceed do so without the FDA's enforcement-discretion protections. Status under active review.
• LL-37: Research-only; not approved for human use; not available by prescription in the US.

Compounds listed as "research-only" are not legal to prescribe, compound, or sell for human use in the US. Their presence in this article is for educational context only.

Considerations When Comparing Wound Healing Peptides

Direct comparison between these compounds is not straightforward. They have been studied in different wound types, in different species, at different doses, and using different endpoints. Inferring relative effectiveness from separate animal studies is methodologically unreliable.

Wound type and phase of repair: Different compounds are relevant to different stages and tissue types. GHK-Cu is most studied for cutaneous dermal wounds emphasizing collagen remodeling and angiogenesis. Thymosin beta-4 data emphasizes epithelial closure and keratinocyte migration. BPC-157 data centers on musculoskeletal and GI tissue rather than skin. LL-37 has the most direct antimicrobial mechanism among the compounds discussed, and preclinical research has emphasized its relevance to wound contexts with infection risk.

Underlying metabolic context: Wound healing capacity is significantly affected by glucose control, inflammatory burden, and nutritional status. A provider would assess hs-CRP and metabolic markers before considering any peptide compound, because systemic inflammatory burden may limit any compound's effectiveness regardless of mechanism.

Evidence level: No compound in this article has Phase 3 human wound healing trial data. The most you can say about any of them is that they have mechanistically plausible preclinical evidence in relevant animal models. That is a meaningful statement scientifically — and an honest acknowledgment of what is not yet established clinically.

Regulatory status and access: GHK-Cu and thymosin beta-4 can be discussed with a licensed prescriber for possible compounded formulations, subject to each compound's current 503A bulks-list status (which is under active FDA review). BPC-157 is classified as Category 2; compounding under Section 503A is restricted and carries elevated enforcement risk. LL-37 cannot be prescribed or compounded at all. These access constraints narrow the practical clinical conversation considerably.

A licensed provider will evaluate wound type, stage of healing, metabolic context, concurrent conditions, and regulatory access before considering any compound.

Safety Considerations

Side effects vary significantly across compounds and individual responses. No blanket safety claim applies to this category.

Injectable peptides in this group carry the universal risks of subcutaneous injection: injection-site reactions (redness, swelling, bruising), sterility concerns with improper technique, and dosing variability particularly for unregulated sources. GHK-Cu has an extensive preclinical safety record and is an endogenously occurring human peptide with low inherent toxicity in research models, but formal Phase 3 safety data in humans does not exist for wound healing doses. Thymosin beta-4 has been studied in cardiac and corneal contexts with generally favorable tolerability signals, but again without Phase 3 wound healing trial data. BPC-157's human safety data is limited; a 2026 review by Mendias and Awan in Sports Medicine noted the limited availability of rigorous human safety data for unapproved peptide therapies alongside the preclinical signals reported in animal models. LL-37's safety profile in humans at therapeutic doses has not been established.

Contraindications that apply broadly to wound healing peptide therapy include:

• Pregnancy and breastfeeding: none of the compounds in this article have been studied in pregnant populations; reproductive safety data does not exist
• Active or history of hormone-sensitive malignancy: compounds interacting with angiogenic growth factor pathways carry theoretical concern regarding proliferative signaling in tumor contexts
• Known hypersensitivity to any compound in this class
• Sourcing from unregulated online vendors: products sold outside licensed pharmacy channels carry contamination, dosing inconsistency, and misidentification risks

Side-effect profiles vary by compound; a licensed provider is the appropriate resource for compound-specific risk assessment.

What to Test Before Starting Peptides for Wound Healing

Regardless of which compound a provider considers, baseline biomarker testing establishes the metabolic and inflammatory context that determines healing capacity. Without it, there is no objective way to assess whether a compound is producing the expected physiological changes or whether underlying systemic factors are limiting repair.

• hs-CRP: Systemic inflammation marker. A wound heals in the context of the body's overall inflammatory state. Elevated hs-CRP indicates chronic low-grade inflammation that can impair healing independently of any local wound factor.
• Fasting glucose and HbA1c: Hyperglycemia is a well-documented impairer of wound healing, disrupting collagen cross-linking, impairing neutrophil function, and reducing angiogenesis. Baseline glucose and HbA1c characterize glycemic status before any intervention.
• Comprehensive metabolic panel (ALT, AST, creatinine, BUN): Liver and kidney function baselines are essential safety context for any injectable peptide compound. ALT and AST assess hepatic health; creatinine and BUN assess renal clearance capacity.
• Complete blood count (CBC): Hemoglobin reflects oxygen-carrying capacity to healing tissue; white cell differential characterizes immune status; platelet count is relevant to hemostasis at wound initiation.
• Albumin: Serum albumin reflects nutritional and protein synthesis status. Low albumin is independently associated with impaired wound healing and poor surgical outcomes. It is a standard pre-assessment marker in clinical wound care.
• IGF-1: Growth hormone axis marker. GHK-Cu and thymosin beta-4 both interact with growth factor pathways. A baseline IGF-1 level characterizes GH-axis function before any compound that may interact with angiogenic or tissue-repair growth factor signaling.

Wound healing capacity is not a single variable — it reflects systemic metabolic status, inflammatory burden, nutritional state, and immune function simultaneously. hs-CRP, glucose, HbA1c, and a comprehensive metabolic panel together describe the biological environment in which any wound repair peptide would need to operate.

How to Access These Peptides Safely

Access to GHK-Cu and thymosin beta-4 depends on each compound's current 503A bulks-list status, which is under active FDA review. Where permitted, licensed healthcare providers may order compounded formulations through licensed pharmacies under Section 503A — subject to current regulatory status, which should be verified at the time of any clinical evaluation. BPC-157 is classified as FDA Category 2; compounders proceed without the FDA's enforcement-discretion protections, and Superpower does not currently offer compounded BPC-157. LL-37 is not legally available by prescription in the US.

A provider evaluation for wound-related peptide therapy typically involves a wound assessment, review of relevant lab values (glucose, HbA1c, CRP, metabolic panel), a health history covering conditions that affect healing, and a discussion of current medications. This evaluation establishes whether a peptide compound is appropriate, and if so, which mechanism targets the specific impairment affecting repair.

Self-directed use of injectable peptides without provider involvement creates significant risk: dosing uncertainty, contamination from unregulated sources, inability to monitor for adverse effects, and no framework for evaluating whether the compound is producing measurable change. Products sold through unregulated online channels as BPC-157 or TB-500 are not subject to pharmaceutical-grade manufacturing standards and have not been evaluated for safety by the FDA.

Understanding Your Baseline

With multiple compounds targeting different stages of wound healing — and evidence quality varying from mechanistically detailed animal programs to no human trials — baseline biomarker data is what transforms a clinical conversation from "which peptide should I try" to "which mechanism addresses the specific impairment in my biology." Glucose control, inflammatory status, and nutritional markers may be more consequential to wound outcomes than which peptide is selected.

That principle — test first, then decide — is central to Superpower's approach to preventive health. Whether a conversation with a provider leads to a compounded formulation, a lifestyle and nutritional intervention, or a referral to wound care specialists, the starting point is the same: understanding what your biomarkers actually show.

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

GHK-Cu is not FDA-approved for any indication, including wound healing. Its status on the FDA's 503A positive bulk drug substance list is under active review; availability through 503A compounding is regulatorily uncertain and should be verified at the time of any clinical evaluation. Topical GHK-Cu formulations are regulated as cosmetic ingredients, not drugs — a distinction that does not confer 503A compoundability for injectable use. The safety and efficacy of GHK-Cu for wound healing indications have not been established through adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials. GHK-Cu is not currently offered through Superpower's prescription network, as injectable GHK-Cu compounding falls outside the FDA's § 503A enforcement-discretion safe harbor under current regulatory status. Common side effects of compounded injectable peptides include injection-site reactions (redness, bruising, swelling). Contraindications include known hypersensitivity, pregnancy or breastfeeding (reproductive safety not established), and active hormone-sensitive malignancy (theoretical angiogenic proliferation concern).

Thymosin beta-4 (TB-500) is not FDA-approved for any indication, including wound healing. Thymosin beta-4 has never appeared on the FDA's Category 1 positive 503A bulks list and is the subject of active FDA regulatory review regarding its 503A bulk-substance status; availability through compounding pharmacies is uncertain and may change. The safety and efficacy of thymosin beta-4 for wound healing indications have not been established through adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials. As of April 2026, no completed Phase 3 human trial data exists for thymosin beta-4 in wound healing. Contraindications include pregnancy, breastfeeding, and active hormone-sensitive malignancy.

BPC-157 is not approved by the FDA for any medical use. As of April 2026, BPC-157 is classified as an FDA Category 2 bulk drug substance; compounding under Section 503A is restricted pending further FDA review. Research on BPC-157 has been limited primarily to laboratory and animal studies. Its safety, efficacy, appropriate dosing, and long-term effects in humans have not been established. BPC-157 is not currently prescribed, compounded, or dispensed through Superpower given its FDA Category 2 bulk drug substance classification. This information is provided for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice or an endorsement of use.

LL-37 is not approved by the FDA for any medical use. Research on this compound has been limited primarily to laboratory and animal studies, with no completed Phase 3 human clinical trial data available for wound healing indications. Its safety, efficacy, appropriate dosing, and long-term effects in humans have not been established. LL-37 is not prescribed, compounded, or dispensed through Superpower. This information is provided for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice or an endorsement of use.

For FDA-approved peptide prescribing information generally (not applicable to the compounds in this article), see dailymed.nlm.nih.gov.

Disclaimer: This article discusses multiple peptide compounds with different regulatory statuses. Some compounds discussed may be available through licensed compounding pharmacies; others are not approved for human use. Where permitted, Superpower may connect members with licensed providers for evaluation of compounded formulations, subject to clinical candidacy, state regulations, and current compounding status. BPC-157, GHK-Cu, and LL-37 are not currently offered through Superpower. This educational content is editorially independent.